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The Volvo Group, headquartered in Gothenburg, Sweden, is a multinational manufacturing company known for its production, distribution, and sale of trucks, buses, and construction equipment.  Beyond its core business, Volvo also provides marine and industrial drive systems, as well as financial services.  In 2016, Volvo was the world's second-largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks through its subsidiary Volvo Trucks.

Founded in 1927, Volvo initially focused on the automobile industry, but expanded into other manufacturing sectors throughout the 20th century.  While Volvo Cars, also based in Gothenburg, was part of AB Volvo until 1999, it was then sold to Ford Motor Company.  Since 2010, Volvo Cars has been owned by Geely Holding Group.  Despite the separation, AB Volvo and Volvo Cars both share the iconic Volvo logo and collaborate in running the Volvo Museum in Gothenburg.

The corporation was first listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1935 and was included in the NASDAQ indices from 1985 to 2007. Volvo remains one of Sweden's largest companies, based on market capitalization and revenue.

The first Volvo car, a Volvo OV 4, rolled off the assembly line on April 14, 1927. The brand name Volvo was originally registered as a trademark in May 1911, with the intention of being used for a new series of SKF ball bearings. It means "I roll" in Latin, conjugated from "volvere." The idea was short-lived, and SKF decided to simply use its initials as the trademark for all its bearing products.

In 1924, Assar Gabrielsson, an SKF sales manager, and Gustav Larson, a KTH-educated engineer, decided to start building a Swedish car. They intended to build cars that could withstand the rigors of the country's rough roads and cold temperatures.

AB Volvo began operations on August 10, 1926. After one year of preparations involving the production of ten prototypes, the firm was ready to start the car-manufacturing business within the SKF group. The Volvo Group itself considers it started in 1927, when the first car, a Volvo OV 4, rolled off the production line at the factory in Hisingen, Gothenburg. Only 280 cars were built that year. The first truck, the "Series 1," debuted in January 1928, as an immediate success and attracted attention outside the country. In 1930, Volvo sold 639 cars, and the export of trucks to Europe started soon after; the cars did not become well-known outside Sweden until after World War II. AB Volvo was introduced on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1935, and SKF then decided to sell its shares in the company. By 1942, Volvo acquired the Swedish precision engineering company Svenska Flygmotor (later renamed as Volvo Aero).

Pentaverken, which had manufactured engines for Volvo, was acquired in 1935, providing a secure supply of engines and entry into the marine engine market.

The first bus, named B1, was launched in 1934, and aircraft engines were added to the growing range of products at the beginning of the 1940s. Volvo was also responsible for producing the Stridsvagn m/42. In 1963, Volvo opened the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant, the first assembly plant in the company's history outside of Sweden, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

In 1950, Volvo acquired the Swedish construction and agricultural equipment manufacturer Bolinder-Munktell. Bolinder-Munktell was renamed as Volvo BM in 1973. In 1979, Volvo BM's agricultural equipment business was sold to Valmet. Later, through restructuring and acquisitions, the remaining construction equipment business became Volvo Construction Equipment.

In the 1970s, Volvo started to move away from car manufacturing to concentrate more on heavy commercial vehicles. The car division focused on models aimed at upper middle-class customers to improve its profitability.

In 1977, Volvo tried to combine operations with rival Swedish automotive group Saab-Scania, but the latter company rejected it.

Between 1978 and 1981, Volvo acquired Beijerinvest, a trading company involved in the oil, food, and finance businesses. In 1981, those sectors represented about three quarters of Volvo's revenue, while the automotive sector accounted for most of the rest. In 1982, the company completed the acquisition of White Motor Corporation's assets.

In the early 1970s, French manufacturer Renault and Volvo started to collaborate. In 1978, Volvo Car Corporation was spun off as a separate company within the Volvo group, and Renault acquired a minority stake, before selling it back in the 1980s after a restructuring. In the 1990s, Renault and Volvo deepened their collaboration, and both companies partnered in purchasing, research and development, and quality control while increasing their cross-ownership. Renault would assist Volvo with entry-level and medium segment vehicles, and in return, Volvo would share technology with Renault in upper segments. In 1993, a 1994 Volvo-Renault merger deal was announced. The deal was barely accepted in France, but it was opposed in Sweden, and the Volvo shareholders and company board voted against it. The alliance was officially dissolved in February 1994, and Volvo sold off its minority Renault stake in 1997. In the 1990s, Volvo also divested from most of its activities outside vehicles and engines.

In 1991, the Volvo Group participated in a joint venture with Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors at the former DAF plant in Born, Netherlands. The operation, branded NedCar, began producing the first generation Mitsubishi Carisma alongside the Volvo S40/V40 in 1996. During the 1990s, Volvo also partnered with the American manufacturer General Motors. In 1999, the European Union blocked a merger with Scania AB.

In January 1999, Volvo Group sold Volvo Car Corporation to Ford Motor Company for $6.45 billion. The division was placed within Ford's Premier Automotive Group alongside Jaguar, Land Rover, and Aston Martin. Volvo engineering resources and components would be used in various Ford, Land Rover, and Aston Martin products, with the second generation Land Rover Freelander designed on the same platform as the second generation Volvo S80. The Volvo T5 petrol engine was used in the Ford Focus ST and RS performance models, and Volvo's satellite navigation system was used on certain Aston Martin Vanquish, DB9, and V8 Vantage models. In November 1999, Volvo Group purchased a 5% stake in Mitsubishi Motors, as part of a partnership deal for the truck and bus business. In 2001, after DaimlerChrysler bought a large Mitsubishi Motors stake, Volvo sold its shares to the former.

Renault Véhicules Industriels (which included Mack Trucks, but not Renault's stake in Irisbus) was sold to Volvo during January 2001, and Volvo renamed it Renault Trucks in 2002. Renault became AB Volvo's biggest shareholder, with a 19.9% stake (in shares and voting rights) as part of the deal. Renault increased its shareholding to 21.7% by 2010.

AB Volvo acquired 13% of the shares in the Japanese truck manufacturer Nissan Diesel (later renamed UD Trucks) from Nissan (part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance) during 2006, becoming a major shareholder. Volvo Group took complete ownership of Nissan Diesel in 2007 to extend its presence in the Asian Pacific market.

Renault sold 14.9% of their stake in AB Volvo in October 2010 (comprising 14.9% of the share capital and 3.8% of the voting rights) for €3.02 billion. This share sale left Renault with around 17.5% of Volvo's voting rights. Renault sold their remaining shares in December 2012 (comprising 6.5% of the share capital and 17.2% of the voting rights at the time of transaction) for €1.6 billion, leaving Swedish industrial investment group Aktiebolaget Industrivärden as the largest shareholder, with 6.2% of the share capital and 18.7% of the voting rights. That same year, Volvo sold Volvo Aero to the British company GKN. In 2017, Volvo Cars owner Geely became the largest Volvo shareholder by number of shares after acquiring an 8.2% stake, displacing Industrivärden. Industrivärden kept more voting rights than Geely (Geely getting a 15.8%).

In December 2013, Volvo sold its Volvo Construction Equipment Rents division to Platinum Equity. In November 2016, Volvo announced its intention of divesting its Government Sales division, made up mainly of Renault Trucks' Renault Trucks Defense but also of Panhard, ACMAT, Mack Defense in the United States, and Volvo Defense. The project for selling the division was later abandoned and, in May 2018, Volvo reorganized Renault Trucks Defense and renamed it Arquus.

In December 2018, Volvo announced it intended to sell a 75.1% controlling stake of its car telematics subsidiary WirelessCar to Volkswagen with the aim of focusing on telematics for commercial vehicles. The sale was completed in March 2019.

In December 2019, Volvo and Isuzu announced their intention of forming a strategic alliance on commercial vehicles. As part of the agreement, Volvo would sell UD Trucks to Isuzu. The "final agreements" for the alliance were signed in October 2020, with UD Trucks sale pending on regulatory clearances. The sale was completed in April 2021.

In the early 2020s, Volvo teamed up with other automakers to roll out infrastructure for alternative energy sources. In April 2020, Volvo and Daimler (later Daimler Truck) announced that Volvo planned to buy half of Daimler's fuel cell business, creating a joint venture. In March 2021, the fuel cell business was restructured as a joint venture called Cellcentric. In December 2021, Volvo, Daimler Truck, and Traton agreed to form a joint venture with equal ownership to build an electric vehicle charging network for heavy-duty trucks in Europe. In December 2022, the joint venture (called Commercial Vehicle Charging Europe) began operating under the brand name Milence.

In April 2021, Volvo announced a new partnership with steelmaker SSAB to develop fossil-free steel for use in future Volvo vehicles. The partnership stemmed from SSAB's own green steel venture, HYBRIT.

In November 2023, Volvo acquired Proterra's battery business for $210 million.

Volvo Group's operations include:

• Volvo Trucks (medium-duty trucks for regional transportation and heavy-duty trucks for long-haul transportation, as well as heavy-duty trucks for the construction segment)
• Mack Trucks (light-duty trucks for local distribution and heavy-duty trucks for long-haul transportation)
• Renault Trucks (heavy-duty trucks for regional transportations and heavy-duty trucks for the construction segment)
• Arquus (military vehicles) 
• Dongfeng Commercial Vehicles (45%) (trucks)
• VE Commercial Vehicles Limited Ltd., India (VECV), a joint venture between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited in which Volvo holds 45.6% (trucks and buses)
• Volvo Construction Equipment (construction equipment)SDLG (70%) (construction equipment)
• Volvo Group Venture Capital (corporate investment company)Volvo Buses (complete buses and bus chassis for city, line, and tourist traffic)Volvo Financial Services (customer financing, inter-group banking, and real estate administration)Volvo Penta (marine engine systems for leisure boats and commercial shipping, diesel engines, and drive systems for industrial applications)
• Volvo Energy (management and support for electric vehicles, batteries, and electrification networks).

According to the company, in 2021 almost two-thirds (62%) of its revenue came from trucks and services related to them. Construction equipment was the second largest revenue source at 25%, while buses, marine engines, and minor operations each generated less than 5% of revenue.

Volvo has numerous production facilities. As of 2022, it has plants in 19 countries, with 10 other countries having independent assemblers of Volvo products. The company also has product development, distribution, and logistics centers. Its first plant for vehicle assembly, on Hisingen Island, was owned by SKF until it was made part of the Volvo company in 1930. That year, Volvo acquired its supplier of engines in Skövde (Pentavarken). In 1954, Volvo built a new truck assembly plant in Gothenburg and, in 1959–1964, a car assembly plant in Torslanda. The first truly branched-out plant of Volvo was the Floby gearbox plant (100 kilometers to the northeast of Gothenburg), incorporated in 1958. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Volvo and its assembly partners opened plants in Canada, Belgium, Malaysia, and Australia. In the early part of that period, Volvo also began venturing into vehicles other than passenger cars and road-going commercial vehicles by acquiring the Eskilstuna plant (Bolinder-Munktell). From the 1970s onward, Volvo set up various facilities (Bengtsfors, Lindesberg, Vara, Tanumshede, Färgelanda, Borås), most of them within a 150 kilometer radius of Gothenburg, and gradually acquired the Dutch DAF car plants. It also established its first South American plant in Curitiba, Brazil.

From the mid-1970s onward, Volvo began building assembly plants with smaller assembly lines, more worker-centric, and with better use of automation, moving away from Fordism. These were Kalmar (car assembly, built in 1974), Tuve (truck assembly, 1982), and Uddevalla (car assembly, 1989). Kalmar and Uddevalla were closed down in the early 1990s, following yearly losses. The Tuve plant (called the LB plant) replaced the Gothenburg plant (X plant) for truck assembly through the 1980s, as the former could produce more technologically complex models. In 1982, Volvo gained its first plant in the United States, the New River Valley plant in Dublin, Virginia, after acquiring the assets of the White Motor Corporation. Starting in the late 1980s, Volvo expanded its limited bus production capabilities through acquisitions in various countries (Swedish Saffle Karroseri, Danish Aabenraa, German Drögmöller Karroserien, Canadian Prévost Car, Finnish Carrus, American Nova Bus, Mexican Mexicana de Autobuses). In the late 1990s, after a short-lived joint venture with Polish manufacturer Jelcz, Volvo built its main bus production hub for Europe in Wroclaw. In the 1990s, Volvo also increased its construction equipment assets by acquiring the Swedish company Åkerman and the construction equipment division of Samsung Heavy Industries. In 1998, the company opened an assembly facility for its three main heavy product lines (trucks, construction equipment, and buses) near Bangalore, India.

Volvo sold all its car manufacturing assets in 1999.

Following the acquisition of Renault Véhicules Industriels and Nissan Diesel in the 2000s, Volvo gained various production facilities in Europe, North America, and Asia.

In 2014, Volvo's Volvo Construction Equipment acquired the haul truck manufacturing division of Terex Corporation, which included five truck models and a manufacturing facility in Motherwell, Scotland.